![]() ![]() 6,7 Although it is important to note that over the past decade, there has been a notable and significant increase in the world-wide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance gram negative bacterial infections. The global prevalence of BSIs varies based on geographical location. However, Due to the lack of a proper rapid identification method, broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered to patients clinically suspected of having sepsis, and this has resulted in the inadvertent administration of broad spectrum antibiotics and an increase in antimicrobial resistance by organisms to almost all available antibiotics. Time is very crucial in sepsis treatment. Bacteria that retain the primary stain are called gram-positive bacteria, while those that retain the secondary stain are called gram-negative bacteria. 5 Bacteria that cause bacteremia can be differentiated via gram stain. The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream is called bacteremia. 4,25 Microorganisms in the blood could either be bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. An uncontrolled inflammatory response by the host may lead to sepsis and septic shock. 3 During the growth and multiplication of microbes in the bloodstream, several toxins are released that cause inflammation and trigger the response of the host. Examples are biofilm formation and capsule production. Microbes in the bloodstream can proliferate and survive via a variety of mechanisms. 2 Nevertheless, localized infections in a specific body site, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, or meningitis, can cause microbial invasions into the bloodstream. 1 In healthy individuals, the blood is sterile. Routine surveillance and awareness of the prevalence, etiological agents, and antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria causing bacteremia/sepsis is critical for individual therapy, hospital control, and the effectiveness of preventive interventions.īloodstream infection (BSI) is the presence of viable microorganisms in the blood, which is clinically demonstrated by the positivity of blood culture. Escherichia coli showed yearly resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillin, fluoroquinolones, and B-lactam combination agents. The most common isolates were Escherichia coli (35.42%), Klebsiella pneumonia (19.74%), Acinetobacter species (9.67%), and other non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (11.76%). Of the total, 2079 showed significant growth, with 765 being GNB isolates. A total of 13,808 blood samples were received within the study period of four years. Biochemical tests were done according to microbiology standard procedures, while antimicrobial testing was done according to CLSI guidelines. A retrospective study, conducted from January 2016 to December 2019, blood samples were collected using aseptic guidelines and cultured using automated blood culture methods. This study was done to identify gram-negative organisms causing bacteremia/sepsis, study their prevalence rates, and antimicrobial resistance patterns, as evidence-based knowledge of gram-negative organisms causing sepsis and their resistance profiles is essential for effective hospital control and better management of infections caused by resistant bacteria. As a result, mortality and morbidity rates have risen significantly. The rise in antibiotic resistance has been a major source of public health concern.
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